Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay - 1475 Words

In William Shakespeares Hamlet, although Hamlet is the prince of Denmark, he has little control over the situation of his mother country. His father is dead and his mother marries his uncle, Claudius, who succeeds his father. When Hamlet is still in grief, the ghost of his father comes to tell him that he was killed by Claudius. Young Hamlet, being called to take vengeance, is confined to the land of Denmark and fails to act. Throughout the play, Hamlet feels increasingly trapped by the confinement set by King Claudius, by his fathers command to take revenge, and by his own thoughts; only when Hamlet is able to free from his own mind, is he able to take action and escape from these confines. Hamlet is trapped physically and†¦show more content†¦Hamlet calls himself a slave of his father, which depicts how he is confined by the Ghosts command. Hamlet struggles to take the revenge, but Claudius keeps preventing him from taking actions. When he finds out that Hamlet knows about his murder, Claudius feels threatened and decides to send Hamlet to England. In his letter to England, Claudius requests the present death of Hamlet (4.3.64). Under Claudius’s authority, Hamlet is going to England like a prisoner being sent to the gallows. Hamlet is entrapped by Claudius scheme. Therefore, King Claudiuss authority and King Hamlets command for revenge confined Hamlet physically and fugitively, but the more important force trapping Hamlet is his own mind. Hamlets own thoughts are the most powerful force trapping him. Hamlets mind and knowledge were once one of his most powerful tools to insult and deceive his enemies, but such knowledge begins to confine him as he think s too much. When he talks to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet insists that to him, Denmark is a prison, for there is nothing/ either good or bad but thinking makes it so(2.2.2245-246). Here, Hamlet is stressing the power of thinking. Thinking, besides which nothing is good or bad, turns Denmark into a prison to him. Hamlet becomes the prisoner of his own thoughts. Moreover, Hamlet’s mind further leads to his inability to act. In hisShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakes peare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

Essay about Useful Theories of Human Development - 1807 Words

There are many areas of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five main theory groups. The theory groups are psychodynamic, biological, cognitive, behavioral, and systems. Each theory group has many contributing theorists, all with different views, beliefs, research methods, and life experiences. All theories are valuable in the field of psychology, however some theories may prove to be more helpful than others, in specific careers. There are some theoretical approaches that I will utilize while working with school-aged children and others that I will discard. Psychodynamic Theory The psychodynamic theory of human development’s main focus is personality and social development. It is based on the belief that the†¦show more content†¦I will also take into account Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development; I believe that it is very important to remember that children do go through stages of development and are seeking certain acknowledgements throughout those stages. Biological Theory The biological theory suggests that an individual is born with specific characteristics, including personality and behavior. Every individual has physical characteristics that are predetermined based on genetic factors. Some genetic physical characteristics include eye color, hair color, body type, and height. Biological theorists believe that an individual’s genetic makeup also contributes to one’s personality and behavior. Arnold Gesell contributed his theory of Maturation. The theory supports the idea that each childs genetic and biological makeup determines the rate of development, regardless of other environmental influences. The theory also suggests that development has a preordained sequence, in which the rates may vary, but the sequence will not. Gesell also developed norms of development, which are used today by many pediatricians. Another contributor to the biological theory is Konrad Lorenz. Lorenz developed the theory about imprinting, whic h suggests that a bond is created between a newborn and the caregiver (Crain, 2011). In my future career I will discard Gesell’s theory that one’sShow MoreRelatedPersonality Paper1091 Words   |  5 Pagesfeelings, actions, and behavior. Definition of Theory A theory can be described as â€Å"A set of assumptions.† (Feist Feist, 2006, p. 4) Since theories are built on assumptions rather than actual proven facts they are each open to the interpretation of the individual. A theory takes its shape and is a refection of the author showing his or her frame of reference and interpretation to the experience or theory (Feist Feist, 2006). The more theories that develop the more approaches and interpretationsRead MoreEssay on History of Disparity in Development650 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of Disparity in Development Human is one of few creatures of mother earth that can think and decide what is right or wrong. Due to that special characteristic, people are always curious about something and try to find the reason about it. In 1974, Jared Diamond was staying in Papua New Guinea, and one day, a local named Yali asked Diamond a deceptively simple question â€Å"Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo, but we black people had little cargo of our own?† (NGO, 2005)Read MoreHow Natural Selection Has Shaped The Modern Mind1575 Words   |  7 Pagesdifference between man and the higher mammals in their mental and perceived emotional faculties. In theory, every organism is engrained with complex, useful, and non-arbitrary bits of information that is essential to its survival. Organisms know when it is time to migrate, when it is best to hunt, and when mating should occur. According to Name (Date), these faculties are actually nonrandom parts of our development they must have come from either divine design or natural selection. The notion of whether orRead MoreThe Theories Of Human Development774 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of Human development are relevant and matter in the â€Å"real world†. In my clinical practice as a psychologist-in-training, I have found human development theories to be very useful in conceptualizing and understanding my client’s distress. I used theoretical frameworks that are based on theories of human development to guide my interventions in therapy. For example, as a brief psychodynamic clinician, I look to Freud’s theory of anxiety to understand how distress was developed for my clientsRead MoreMexico s Demographic Transition : Public Policy And Spatial Process1618 Words   |  7 Pagesused to develop their theories. They concluded that both frameworks can be used to explain the increase in fertility of the first half of the 1800s, but the decrease in wages from 1830-1850 best fit Marx’s model, expre ssing that social framework influences individuals’ decisions. The discussion of the two models of population can be useful in explaining the DTM that I will be using in my paper. Chen, J. (2012). Does global fertility and cultural transition affect human development? The neglected roleRead MoreWhy Is Psychology Useful?1541 Words   |  7 Pages Why Is Psychology Useful: In its primary form, psychology studies humans- who and what they are and what they are. Psychology looks into why people act and think a certain way and how someone can improve themselves. Psychology allows people to understand more about how the mind and body works together. Knowledge such as this can help with decision making processes and avoiding stressful situations. It can help with time management, setting and achieving goalsRead MoreEdward Bernett Was An English Anthropologist And The Founder Of Cultural Anthropology984 Words   |  4 Pagescontext of the scientific study of anthropology that was based on evolutionary theories inspired by Darwin and Lyell. His stance as an evolutionist fueled his belief that researching the prehistory and the history of man could be used to compare and reform modern societies. Therefore, through the use of the comparative method and historical ethnography, which included travel logs, Tylor attempted to reveal the stages of development of cu ltures/civilizations. Tylor’s defines culture and civilization asRead MoreThe Orientation Of Individual And Adlerian Psychology889 Words   |  4 Pagessocial factors as opposed to Freud’s drive theory, diverging from the psychoanalytical theory (p. 171). In 1914, he formed the Society for Individual Psychology. Individual psychology is more concerned with the whole person who has social, purposeful, and developmental determinants (p. 171). In this paper, I will introduce the theorical orientation of individual or Adlerian psychology. This paper will discuss how individual psychology understands human development, the role of cultural factors, the etiologyRead MorePender s Health Promotion Model1580 Words   |  7 PagesPender’s Health Promotion Model and Parse’s Human Becoming Theory Nursing theories aid the development of nursing practice. Being able to analyze and critique theories enables nurses to develop their practice, and how different theories affect their own nursing theory. Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) and Parse’s Human Becoming Theory, are theories that are easily applicable in the community nursing field, while also having applications to other areas of nursing practice. Background and InfluencesRead MoreTheories And Theories Of The Calms Made By Alan Chalmers907 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge.† I will also be discussing Karl Popper’s opposing views on the scientific method, siding with his falsification method. I think that even though both sides are rational, Alan Chalmers clams are more practical and better for humans to continue to investigate new theories and laws of the universe. Therefore, I oppose Popper’s stance on the scientific method due to it discrediting non data driven fields sciences, labelling them as simply not science due to their inability to be disproven. To begin

Drinking Ticket Paper Free Essays

The Worst night Ever It was a long, full day of work and I was ready to get back to the dorm to relax and have some fun, after all, it was my best friends birthday. We decided to go out for his birthday dinner for him and have a few drinks before we headed out. We had music cranking, we were singing and having a good end of the week party. We will write a custom essay sample on Drinking Ticket Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Drinks began passing around and we took a turn for the worst, an RA outside our door smelled alcohol. Immediately the RA told us to open up to see what was going on, as if he didn’t already know, he too is a college student. So we all knew we had been caught so we let him come in to give us our punishments and go on with our soon to be sober lives. But as he walked in the room, cops decided to take a peak at what was going on. The RA told us he was upset with the cops â€Å"randomly showing up† but I didn’t believe him, and I still don’t. The cops made the RA walk us to the sinks with our pride and joy and dump it all down the drain. He was surprised as to how cooperative we were and almost let us off the hook for a violation, but realized we were income for him. So he got the breathalyzer out, skipped our rights and handed all of us drinking tickets like he’d done many times before. I have never been so upset in my life; so mad I started punching my bed and pillow. What I thought was going to be the peak of my week turned out to go down the drain just like my Wild Turkey 101. Looking back at it now, I don’t feel like it has impacted me as bad as I thought it was going to. Yes, my bank account is feeling the pain, but my hands have finally stopped hurting. I have gotten a lawyer who told me to do 24 hours of community service and take a drinking class by my court date. Not too bad, the punishment could be much worse. The drinking ticket hasn’t stopped me from going out, but it has stopped me from drinking. Since then I haven’t had a sip of alcohol at school and I actually enjoy it, watching other people do dumb stuff is just as fun as actually drinking, and it’s legal! I sure have learned my lesson just as I always do, the hard way. How this can affect my future Before this ticket ever happened, I had never thought how much a drinking ticket could really affect my life, nor did I think I would ever get one. Since the ticket I have put a lot of thought into how it can affect my near future as well as my far future. Now that I have a drinking ticket, employers could not higher me because of suspicion that I would break other laws to give him or her company a bad name. Also with this ticket I have a misdemeanor on my record. I never thought of myself being a criminal or having a bad record, but now I have one for a stupid think I did one night. Because of this being on my record, a policeman could take me to jail for something small such as a speeding ticket. The worst part of having the drinking ticket is that the school has put me on probation. I didn’t think this was a big deal because my grades are fine, but when I went to go and register for new classes I have to call the school and get my account temporarily upheld. This made registration for my class in the spring semester a lot harder than it usually is because all the classes that I wanted to take were either filled up or at a point in the day that I don’t want to be in class (8am). Because of this awful timing, I may sleep in through my classes and get a lower grade than I would like to have. One other thing that the drinking ticket has taken away from my future is that Campus Living will not hire me as a Resident Advisor because I can’t be trusted. Goals Since I have entered college I have set many goals for myself, most of these being current grades. Some of the goals that I have look into the future and those are the ones that can be most affected by this ticket. I want to maintain a 3. 0 GPA at the very lowest so that I can chose which major I want as a graduate student. This ticket has made this a lot harder to happen because of the amount of community service that I have had to do in the past few weeks, I have no spare time to relax either, but that’s what college is about. Because I am on probation with the school I couldn’t register for the classes that I wanted because I had to wait for the school to unlock my account. Because of this I now have a harder schedule and may not do as well as planned. I do believe that I can work through these classes next semester if I can manage to wake up on time. Other goals that I have at ECU is to be more involved and even president of a few clubs at the school. I have not looked into this part, but a drinking ticket could dictate whether or not I am able to run this part of the club. Since I have been at ECU I have met many friends and have had a great time, even with all the work that is contently due. I am hoping that this drinking ticket doesn’t affect my future here at school and can get taken off of my record. Since the ticket I have not had a sip of alcohol and don’t plan to until I turn 21, I think I can wait another year and a half, not a big deal in my mind. I’ll just watch other people get into trouble and make fools of themselves when they are out trying to have fun and meet new people. In a way I am sort of thankful that this has happened. I am also glad that the turnout has not been as bad as I originally thought it was going to be. I could have had to go to jail or been in far more trouble with the school, so that’s one way to look at the situation positively. I am very sorry for drinking on campus and will not let it happen again, I don’t even want to drink anymore now that I have stopped for a few months. How to cite Drinking Ticket Paper, Papers

Business Succession Planning-Free-Samples-myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.List the Major Components of a Business Plan. What Components are of primarily concerned to you, and why? 2.What is the significance of a Business Succession Plan? 3.What is the Importance of liquidity? 4.list each of the scarce resources that are used in Carry Yokis Lounge. 5.What management functions is Carol performing, and how do they apply to this scenario? 6.If they form a partnership, how would you recommend that they organize? 7.How should Joe go about getting financing? What is the probability that he can obtain a grant to start an Italian ice cream shop? 8.Construct an income statement using the following information: net sales, $500,000; salaries, $100,000; rent, $24,000; COGS, $250,000; utilities, $25,000; payroll taxes, $25,000; insurance, $12,000; and interest expense, $5,450. Answers: 1.A business plan is a formal document being prepared by the entrepreneur to demonstrate the objectives and the ways to achieve those objectives. The business plan sets the goals of the business and describes the ways to achieve them. The business plans are generally prepared for the specific purpose and that is raising finance from the public or the financial institutions. Thus, in order to be able to attract the public or the financial institutions to lend money, it is crucial to prepare the business plan aptly (Pinson, 2008). There are different components that the business plan is built upon. The major components of the business plan are listed as below: Executive Summary A short description of companys vision and mission Market analysis Resource description Financial analysis and projections Summary The financial projections and analysis is the component that I am the most concerned with. I am pursuing my higher studies in finance domain and keen to look for carrier in the same field, so, this is the reason that the financial analysis and projections is the most concerning part for me. 2.The business succession plan is made to provide for the mechanism that will be followed in the event of retirement of persons from the top management of the entity or owners in case of small business. The business succession planning is essential to ensure that the business runs hassle free when the business owners or the crucial people from the top management retire (Dahlke, 2012). In case if it is not planned, the switchover of the management or the ownership would not be systematic and it may hamper the business of the firm. The business succession plan provides for the procedures for switchover of the management or the ownership. Planning for the business succession in advance saves the time and cost associated with the business resumption after the switchover of the management or the ownership (Dahlke, 2012). 3.Liquidity refers to the sufficiency of liquid assets so that the short term liabilities could be paid out on the due dates. The liquid assets are such assets which can be converted into cash within a short of time period. The liquidity is important from the view point of smooth daily functioning of the business (Siddaiah, 2010). In order to carry out the day to day activities such as purchase of material, payment for wages, and payment for rents and utilities, the management needs have sufficient liquid assets in hands. In the absence of sufficient liquid assets, the management would not be able to carry out the day to day business activities smoothly and that will hamper the performance of the business. Therefore, to be able to maintain good operating performance of the business, it is essential to maintain sufficiency of liquidity (Siddaiah, 2010). 4.The major resources required to set up a business are money, people, equipment, and land and building. These are the scarce resources that the business has to manage adequately to achieve growth and maintain sustainability (Pride, Hughes, Kapoor, 2016). The list of scarce resources used in the Carry Yokis Lounge is given as follows: Money (Cash of $200000, $50,000 capital and $150,000 borrowed) People (Total 11, out of which two are bartenders, three servers, two assistant servers, two cooks, one dishwasher and a clean-up person) Furniture and Equipments (15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, and one satellite dish) Land and Building (Lounge and Bar) 5.Carol Jones is performing human resource management function of the management. The human resource management function is concerned with hiring and training of the employees for the business. There are numerous tasks that a human resource manager performs in hiring and providing training to the employees. The hiring process involves planning and estimating the required workforce, determining the job specifications for employees, evaluating the candidates, and selecting the best suited ones (Price, 2011). Further, the work of human resource manager gets extended to training and learning of the employees. The human resource manager prepares plans for training and deployment of the workforce. In the current case, Carol Jones also performing the same functions. She is planning to hire workforce for her business and for that purpose she is preparing job descriptions, evaluation criteria, and training rules (Price, 2011). 6.Sam Jones, Mary Adams, and Larry Brown can form a general liability partnership firm to start the business. The terms of the partnership are set out through the partnership agreement. Thus, it is recommended that Sam Jones, Mary Adams, and Larry Brown agree to the terms of business through the partnership agreement. In the current case, Sam and Larry want to be equal partners which mean that they want to share the profits equally. Generally, the profit sharing in the partnership firm is based on the capital contribution of the partners. Therefore, in order to have profit sharing on equal basis, it is necessary for Sam and Larry to contribute the capital equally. However, Sam does not have money to contribute. The total capital requirement is $100,000 out of which Marry is contributing $60,000 and the rest $40,000 should be contributed equally by Sam and Larry. Now, Larry has $40,000 but Sam does not have cash. It is recommended to Sam to borrow $20,000 from Larry and contribute tow ards his capital. In such an arrangement, the profit sharing ratio (capital contribution ratio) would be 6:2:2 for Mary, Larry, and Sam respectively (Slorach Ellis, 2017). 7.Joe is considering opening a coffee and gelato shop for which he needs funds amounting to $120,000. Joe has $30,000 cash in hand and the rest he will have to arrange through loans or government grant. For the purpose of raising loan, Joe should visit banks and show them the business plan. The banks may after considering feasibility of the business plan and the property that he wishes to put as security for loan, may sanction loan. However, the probability of getting government grant is very low. This is because the government provide financial assistance to the generally to the business which are essential for the social and economic development. The business that Joe is considering starting is not of much importance from the social and the economic development (PKF International Ltd, 2015). 8. Income Statement Net sales 500,000.00 Cost of goods sold 250,000.00 Gross Profit 250,000.00 Less: Operating Expenses Salaries 100,000.00 Rent 24,000.00 Utilities 25,000.00 Payroll taxes 25,000.00 Insurance 12,000.00 Interest expense 5,450.00 Total 191,450.00 Net profit 58,550.00 References Dahlke, A. 2012. Business Succession Planning For Dummies. John Wiley Sons. Pinson, L. 2008. Anatomy of a Business Plan: A Step-by-step Guide to Building the Business and Securing Your Company's Future. aka associates. PKF International Ltd. 2015. Wiley IFRS 2015: Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards. John Wiley Sons. Price, A. 2011. Human Resource Management. Cengage Learning. Pride, WM., Hughes, R.J., Kapoor, J.R. 2016. Foundations of Business. Cengage Learning. Siddaiah, T. 2010. International Financial Management. Pearson Education India. Slorach, J.S. Ellis, J. 2017. Business Law 2017-2018. Oxford University Press

Julian Orrs Talking About Machines

Introduction Orr’s book Talking about Machines has become one of the most significant writings in the field of anthropology since it revealed new insights in the overall study. The author underlines the importance of fieldwork which is conducted in quite specific way.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Orr was inside the group of workers under analysis and his book has the author who is at the same time an informant. The reader can consider the analysis of an individual who knows the insights of the workplace and the group in question. This peculiarity of Orr’s approach results in a specific type of writing where theory is intermingled with narrative. Orr manages to combine thorough analysis and description. Admittedly, the researcher uses a very specific and effective approach of interpreting data. Orr’s orientatio n on â€Å"situatedness† enables him to make his data precise and interpretation profound (Yanow 2006:1746). Moreover, his research has contributed greatly to the development of anthropology since it opened up new horizons for researchers. The author, the reader and the informant Admittedly, anthropologists used to consider peculiarities of exotic people living in faraway lands. However, Orr is one of those who understands that the natives of anthropologic research should not be â€Å"the alien and exotic others† but these should be â€Å"oddly familiar domestic others who might be our cohorts at work†, neighbors or researchers themselves (qtd. in Neyland 2007:129). Orr became a shadow for copier workers when they were working, having lunch or communicated with each other and customers (Yanow 2006:1746). Interestingly, the author of the book was also a part of a group of informants. Many researchers claim that being a part of a group enables the researcher to se e more complete picture (Enslin 1994:537). Even defining the term â€Å"work† Orr is focused on workers’ position, rather than on some virtual amount of work completed (Orr 1996:10). Workers are put in the center of the research. Workers’ activities, their communication and their sharing experience make the scope of data for Orr. Basically, he â€Å"connect[s] players and not isolate[s] them within their own perspectives† (Boud et al. 2006:21). More so, he considers workers perspectives from the point of view of one of them but not as a distant researcher on the basis of some statistical data. Interestingly, Orr points out that â€Å"machines participate in society† (1996:3). Thus, the researcher is interested in the triangular: worker, customer, machine.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Orr does not only observe the communication patterns bet ween workers, or between workers and consumers, he also pays attention to the way workers treat (or â€Å"communicate† with) machines. Thus, informants of the research are not only people but machines as well. It goes without saying that such approach was not widespread among anthropologists who were concerned with people only. The majority of researchers are keen to answer the question â€Å"what does it mean to be a human?† (Wardle 2007:1). Nevertheless, Orr noted that machines also influenced people’s behavior since workers tried to â€Å"educate† consumers treat their machines correctly. Of course, everyday work with machine shapes workers communication, since machines play an important role in workers talks. The balance between description and analysis Boon (1983) points out that ethnographic writing is largely based on the data obtained from a fieldwork, so it should contain both description and analysis. However, this issue is still disputable sinc e many researchers cannot agree upon what can be regarded as a fact and what interpretation can be regarded as precise and correct (Heider 2001). However, many researchers that â€Å"[t]acking between situated narrative and more sweeping analysis† is essential for ethnography, though it is quite difficult to succeed (Narayan 1993:672). Orr, however, finds the gold mean and his book is characterized by a perfect balance of description and analysis. In the first place, Orr pays much attention to â€Å"situatedness† and claims that place is important for analysis (Yanow 2006:1751). It goes without saying that his writing provides a lot of description of workers’ conversations and their activities, and even workplace. Admittedly, fieldnotes can be archival materials or a record of people communicating (Sanjek 1990:391). Apparently, Orr considered all possible fieldnotes. All this helped Orr recreate the world of the workers. On the basis, of the data obtained during observation Orr can put puzzles in their place and create a full picture. Anderson (1986) points out that description is an important â€Å"product† of fieldwork, and since ethnographic analysis is based on fieldwork, it is but natural that description plays an important role in ethnographic writing (64). Thus, Orr’s description is an illustration of his findings and justification of his conclusions. His writing also signals: â€Å"You are there, because I was there† (Clifford 1983:118). Orr’s approach to analysis and interpretation of workers’ behavior is intermingled with description.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theory in the text Admittedly theory played a significant role in anthropology in the nineteenth century (Urry 2001:101). More so, anthropologists relied on theory to great extent. A s far as ethnographic writing is concerned, it also relies on theory, but to less extent. For instance, Orr’s book is not a description of his fieldwork and his conclusions. He provides profound background knowledge which helps the reader to â€Å"speak† the same language with other. In fact, the author reveals the theoretical discourse in his book. Orr refers to many researchers supporting or refuting their findings and research methods. Admittedly, ethnographic writing contains a great deal of fiction and some researchers tend to regard it as fiction rather than ethnography (Narayan 1999). However, Orr is scientific in his writing. Stocking (1995) states that theory can help to solve many problems where the data obtained during the fieldwork can be quite confusing (364). Thus, Orr uses theoretical background to analyze the product of his fieldwork. Methodological and conceptual contributions to anthropological knowledge Yanow (2006) claims that Orr’s book is a great contribution to organization studies (1753). It goes without saying that Orr has developed many interesting approaches for ethnographic research. The major concept of his work presupposes that only insider can have the complete data about the group. Orr points out that The significant thing†¦is that the examination of practice reveals a complexity that cannot be seen from a distance; this complexity constrains how the work can be done and therefore has crucial implications for those making policy about work †¦ Discussions of work that omit this vital aspect of practice lose the point from which anything else that may be described originates. (qtd. in Yanow 2006:1753). Thus, Orr insists on closer look at people’s workplace. The place is of primary importance for Orr since it is a starting point for any observation. Besides, Orr is not confined to certain activities in which the members of the group are involved. Every minute of the working day is recorded and analyzed. More so, Orr argues that it is essential to consider people’s behavior in terms of all the scope of activities involving not only other people (like colleagues or customers), but to take into account the influence of machines on people. This approach is rather innovative for anthropology.Advertising Looking for term paper on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Orr provides a detailed analysis in terms of organization studies, but he is not concerned with methodology, but rather appreciates â€Å"those things that make us† (Yanow 2006:1753). Orr does not present a distant look at some peculiarities of people’s interaction in a workplace, but reveals possible explanations of the reasons why people act in that specific way. Admittedly, Orr’s approach can be regarded as a bright example of unique methodological approach which leads to deeper understanding of processes which take place in working place. Conclusion Thus, Orr’s Talking about Machines is one of those books which provide essential information on the topic and can be regarded as a guideline for a successful ethnographic research. Orr’s book is a great example of the balance of description, theory and analysis. The author became a member of a group to understand the processes which took place in the workplace. Therefore, he does not present a distant analysis of potential reasons, but explicitly points out major factors which influence workers. Admittedly, Orr has made a great contribution into the development of anthropological studies since he suggested new approaches of analysis and showed that they are effective. It cannot be surprising that the book is still being discussed by many researchers since it gives new insights to the essence of anthropological research. Reference List Anderson, Jon W. 1986. ‘Reinventing the Shape of Meaning: Ambiguities in the Ontology of Ethnography.’ Anthropological Quarterly 59(2): 64-74. Boon, James. A. 1983. ‘Functionalists Write, Too: Frazer/Malinowski and the Semiotics of the Monograph.’ Semiotica 46(2/4):131-149. Boud, David, Peter Cressey and Peter Docherty. 2006. Productive Reflection at Work: Learning for Changing Organizations. New York, NY: Routledge. Clifford, James. 1983. ‘On Ethnographic Authority.’ Respresentations Number 2: 118-146 . Enslin, Elizabeth. 1994. ‘Beyond Writing: Feminist Practice and the Limitations of Ethnography.’ Cultural Anthropology 9(4):537-568. Heider, Karl G. 2001. ‘The Rashomon Effect: When Ethnographers Disagree.’ Pp.398- 407 in Ethnography, vol. III, edited by Alan Bryman. London: Sage. Narayan, Kirin. 1993. ‘How Native is a â€Å"Native† Anthropologist?’ American Anthropologist 95:671-686. Narayan, Kirin. 1999. ‘Ethnography and Fiction: Where is the Border?’ Anthropology and Humanism 24(2):134-147. Neyland, Daniel. 2007. Organizational Ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Orr, J. E. 1996. Talking about Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Sanjek, Roger. (Ed.) 1990. â€Å"FIELDNOTES: The Makings of Anthropology† pp.385-418 in ‘On Ethnographic Validity.’ Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Stocking, George W. 1995. The Ethnographer’s Magic and Other Essays in th e History of Anthropology. Madison, WI: Univ of Wisconsin Press. Urry, James. 2001. ‘Notes and Queries on Anthropology and the Development of Field Methods in British Anthropology, 1870-1920.’ pp 101-127 in Ethnography, vol. I edited by Alan Bryman, London: Sage. Wardle, Huon, Gay Y Blasco, Paloma Gay Y. 2007. How to Read Ethnography, ‘Introduction: The concerns and distinctiveness of ethnography’ (pp 1-12). London and New York: Routledge. Yanow, Dvora. 2006. ‘Talking about Practices: On Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines.’ Organization Studies 27(12):1743-1756. This term paper on Julian Orr’s Talking About Machines was written and submitted by user N0lan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Family Structure in Revolutionary China essays

Family Structure in Revolutionary China essays Family Structure in Revolutionary China Political turmoil, loyalty to the party, reforms, and the escape from political scorn, tore the many Chinese families apart in the time of the Cultural Revolution; especially once the Great Leap Forward was enacted in 1957. As expresses in Liang Heng and Judith Shapiro's Son of the Revolution (1958-1981) the at home family life was not only difficult, but often didn't exist. The fact that ones actions could be accepted by society one day and could be criticized by it the next often lead to an untrusting nature that permeated the most sacred of societal relationships, including the home-front. The lack of structure in Liang's family was alluded to throughout the book, more specifically in the absence of family members; thus showing that family could make or break ones societal position. After being urged and basically forced to express productive criticisms about her job, Heng's mother was sent away to be re-educated when the political party suddenly changed to an anti-rightist movement. The disgracing of ones name not only hurt the individual but created restrictions on other members of the family which would often lead to constant tormenting. "So perhaps inevitably, over the years, I came to resent my mother for making my life so miserable. I began to believe that she really had done something wrong" (16). Not only did it lead to tormenting, but other members of the family were forced to do what they felt would be best for the family, "Don't come back until you've reformed yourself. The children in this house need a Revolutionary mother, not a Righteous mother" (10). Although Heng's father deeply cared for his wife he felt like he needed to in force that fact that what she had done was wrong. Following the mothers re-education, her and Shan got a divorce and she distanced herself from the family as much as possible as so not to interfere. Then at a later meeting with her youngest son she e ...

Benfords Law or the First Digit Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benfords Law or the First Digit Law - Essay Example I can astronomer names Simon Newcomb, who noticed that the earlier pages of logarithm tables that are used in the performance of calculations were much more worn than other pages. Newcomb published result become the first known instance of this observation and also includes the distribution of the second digit. He then proposed a law that is based on the probability of a single number N that is the first digit of a number was equal to log(N  +  1)  Ã¢Ë†â€™Ã‚  log(N). The results from Benford’s law are used in different data such as street addresses, electricity bills, population numbers, lengths or rivers, stock prices, death rates, mathematical and physical constants as well as processes that are described using power law. The main condition for this law is that the data set or population must only consist of natural numbers (Nigrini 170). The results from the law tend to be highly accurate whenever the values are distributed across numerous orders of magnitude. Benford’s law is also highly used in the detection of fraud, errors, embezzlements, and sloppy accountants. This is because those people who normally commit a crime may end up creating fake payment amounts that may appear real. Benford’s law is a data mining approach that is used in auditing in order to examine the digit properties in different accounting data for the purposes of character identification. However, unless the person committing is aware of Benford’s law of distribution, then he will not be in a position to make up numbers that follow the proper curve and this makes it very easy to spot a potential fraud. People who commit a crime also tend to distribute their digits in a fairly uniform manner. With a simple comparison of the frequency of the first digit from the data in accordance with the expected distributing according to Benford’s law will always reveal anomalous results. Based on this idea, Benford’s law could be used in auditing and forensic auditing to act as an indicator.